LinkedIn

Linkedin
	[show]; Screenshot
Type of business	Subsidiary
Type of site	Social network service
Available in	Multilingual (24)
Founded	December 28, 2002; 15 years ago; Mountain View, California, U.S.
Headquarters	Sunnyvale, California, U.S.
Area served	Worldwide
Founder(s)	Reid Hoffman; Allen Blue; Konstantin Guericke; Eric Ly; Jean-Luc Vaillant
Key people	Reid Hoffman (Chairman); Jeff Weiner (CEO)
Industry	Internet
Revenue	US$3 billion (2015)
Net income	US$−166 million (2015)
Employees	9,732 (March 2016)
Parent	Microsoft Corporation
Subsidiaries	SlideShare; lynda.com; Connectifier
Website	www.linkedin.com
Alexa rank	31 (February 2018)
Advertising	Google, AdSense
Registration	Required
Users	530 million members (January 2018)
Launched	May 5, 2003; 14 years ago
Current status	Active

LinkedIn (/ˌlɪŋktˈɪn/) is a business- and employment-oriented service that operates via websites and mobile apps. Founded on December 28, 2002,^[5] and launched on May 5, 2003,^[6] it is mainly used for professional networking, including employers posting jobs and job seekers posting their CVs. As of 2015, most of the company's revenue came from selling access to information about its members to recruiters and sales professionals.^[7] As of April 2017, LinkedIn had 500 million members in 200 countries, out of which more than 106 million members are active.^[4] LinkedIn allows members (both workers and employers) to create profiles and "connections" to each other in an online social network which may represent real-world professional relationships. Members can invite anyone (whether an existing member or not) to become a connection.^[8] The "gated-access approach" (where contact with any professional requires either an existing relationship or an introduction through a contact of theirs) is intended to build trust among the service's members. LinkedIn participated in the EU's International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles.^[9]

The site has an Alexa Internet ranking as the 20th most popular website (October 2016).^[3] According to the New York Times, US high school students are now creating LinkedIn profiles to include with their college applications. ^[10] Based in the United States, the site is, as of 2013, available in 24 languages,^[11]including Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Romanian, Russian, Turkish, Japanese, Czech, Polish, Korean, Indonesian, Malay, and Tagalog.^[12]^[13] LinkedIn filed for an initial public offering in January 2011 and traded its first shares on May 19, 2011, under the NYSE symbol "LNKD".^[14]

On June 13, 2016, Microsoft announced plans to acquire LinkedIn for $26.2 billion.^[15]^[16] The acquisition was completed on December 8, 2016.^[17] The transaction resulted in the payment of approximately $26.4 billion in cash merger consideration.^[18]

Company overview

Former LinkedIn headquarters on Stierlin Court in Mountain View, CA

LinkedIn is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, with offices in Omaha, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, Washington DC, Sao Paulo, London, Dublin, Amsterdam, Milan, Paris, Munich, Madrid, Stockholm, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, Japan, Australia, Canada, India and Dubai. In January 2016, the company had around 9,200 employees.^[2]

LinkedIn's CEO is Jeff Weiner,^[11] previously a Yahoo! Inc. executive. Founder Reid Hoffman, previously CEO of LinkedIn, is Chairman of the Board.^[11]^[19] It is funded by Sequoia Capital, Greylock, Bain Capital Ventures,^[20]Bessemer Venture Partners and the European Founders Fund.^[21] LinkedIn reached profitability in March 2006.^[22] Through January 2011, the company had received a total of $103 million of investment.^[23]

History

Founding to 2010

The company was founded in December 2002 by Reid Hoffman and founding team members from PayPal and Socialnet.com (Allen Blue, Eric Ly, Jean-Luc Vaillant, Lee Hower, Konstantin Guericke, Stephen Beitzel, David Eves, Ian McNish, Yan Pujante, Chris Saccheri).^[24] In late 2003, Sequoia Capitalled the Series A investment in the company.^[25] In August 2004, LinkedIn reached 1 million users.^[26] In March 2006, LinkedIn achieved its first month of profitability.^[26] In April 2007, LinkedIn reached 10 million users.^[26] In February 2008, LinkedIn launched a mobile version of the site.^[27]

In June 2008, Sequoia Capital, Greylock Partners, and other venture capital firms purchased a 5% stake in the company for $53 million, giving the company a post-money valuation of approximately $1 billion.^[28] In November 2009, LinkedIn opened its office in Mumbai^[29] and soon thereafter in Sydney, as it started its Asia-Pacific team expansion. In 2010, LinkedIn opened an International Headquarters in Dublin, Ireland,^[30] received a $20 million investment from Tiger Global Management LLC at a valuation of approximately $2 billion,^[31] announced its first acquisition, Mspoke,^[32] and improved its 1% premium subscription ratio.^[33] In October of that year, Silicon Valley Insider ranked the company No. 10 on its Top 100 List of most valuable start ups.^[34] By December, the company was valued at $1.575 billion in private markets.^[35]

2011 to present

LinkedIn office building at 222 Second Street in San Francisco (opened in March 2016)

LinkedIn Office in Toronto.

LinkedIn filed for an initial public offering in January 2011. The company traded its first shares on May 19, 2011, under the NYSE symbol "LNKD", at $45 per share. Shares of LinkedIn rose as much as 171% on their first day of trade on the New York Stock Exchange and closed at $94.25, more than 109% above IPO price. Shortly after the IPO, the site's underlying infrastructure was revised to allow accelerated revision-release cycles.^[11] In 2011, LinkedIn earned $154.6 million in advertising revenue alone, surpassing Twitter, which earned $139.5 million.^[36] LinkedIn's fourth-quarter 2011 earnings soared because of the company's increase in success in the social media world.^[37] By this point, LinkedIn had about 2,100 full-time employees compared to the 500 that it had in 2010.^[38]

In Q2 2012, LinkedIn leased 57,120 square feet on three floors of the One Montgomery Tower building in the Financial District of San Francisco, which was expanded to 135,000 square feet by 2014.^[39]^[40] In May 2012, LinkedIn announced that its Q1 2012 revenues were up to $188.5 million compared to $93.9 million in Q1 2011. Net income increased 140% over Q1 2011 to $5 million. Revenue for Q2 was estimated to be between $210 to $215 million.^[41] In November 2012, LinkedIn released its third quarter earnings, reporting earnings-per-share of $0.22 on revenue of $252 million. As a result of these numbers, LinkedIn's stock increased to roughly $112 a share.^[42]

In April 2014, LinkedIn announced that it had leased 222 Second Street, a 26-story building under construction in San Francisco's SoMa district, to accommodate up to 2,500 of its employees,^[40] with the lease covering 10 years.^[2] The goal was to join all San Francisco-based staff (1,250 as of January 2016) in one building, bringing sales and marketing employees together with the research and development team.^[2] They started to move in in March 2016.^[2] In February 2016, following an earnings report, LinkedIn's shares dropped 43.6% within a single day, down to $108.38 per share. LinkedIn lost $10 billion of its market capitalization that day.^[43]^[44]

On June 13, 2016, Microsoft announced that it would acquire LinkedIn for $196 a share, a total value of $26.2 billion and the largest acquisition made by Microsoft to date. The acquisition would be an all-cash, debt-financed transaction. Microsoft would allow LinkedIn to "retain its distinct brand, culture and independence", with Weiner to remain as CEO, who would then report to Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella. Analysts believed Microsoft saw the opportunity to integrate LinkedIn with its Office product suite to help better integrate the professional network system with its products. The deal was completed on December 8, 2016.^[16]

In late 2016, LinkedIn announced a planned increase of 200 new positions in its Dublin office, which would bring the total employee count to 1,200.^[45]

Acquisitions

In July 2012, LinkedIn acquired 15 key Digg patents for $4 million including a "click a button to vote up a story" patent.^[46]

Number	Acquisition date	Company	Business	Country	Price	Description	Ref.
1	August 4, 2010	mspoke	Adaptive personalization of content	USA	$0.6 million^[47]	LinkedIn Recommendations	^[48]
2	September 23, 2010	ChoiceVendor	Social B2B Reviews	USA	$3.9 million^[49]	Rate and review B2B service providers	^[50]
3	January 26, 2011	CardMunch	Social Contacts	USA	$1.7 million^[47]	Scan and import business cards	^[51]
4	October 5, 2011	Connected	Social CRM	USA	-	LinkedIn Connected	^[52]
5	October 11, 2011	IndexTank	Social search	USA	-	LinkedIn Search	^[53]
6	February 22, 2012	Rapportive	Social Contacts	USA	$15 million^[54]	-	^[55]
7	May 3, 2012	SlideShare	Social Content	USA	$119 million	Give LinkedIn members a way to discover people through content	^[56]
8	April 11, 2013	Pulse	Web / Mobile newsreader	USA	$90 million	Definitive professional publishing platform	^[57]
9	February 6, 2014	Bright.com	Job Matching	USA	$120 million		^[58]
10	July 14, 2014	Newsle	Web application	USA	-	Allows users to follow real news about their Facebook friends, LinkedIn contacts, and public figures.	^[59]
11	July 22, 2014	Bizo	Web application	USA	$175 million	Helps advertisers reach businesses and professionals	^[60]
12	March 16, 2015	Careerify	Web application	Canada	-	Helps businesses hire people using social media	^[61]
13	April 2, 2015	Refresh.io	Web application	USA	-	Surfaces insights about people in your networks right before you meet them	^[62]
14	April 9, 2015	Lynda.com	eLearning	USA	$1.5 billion^[63]	Lets users learn business, technology, software, and creative skills through videos	^[64]
15	August 28, 2015	Fliptop	Predictive Sales and Marketing Firm	USA	-	Using data science to help companies close more sales	^[65]
16	February 4, 2016	Connectifier	Web application	USA	-	Helps companies with their recruiting	^[66]
17	July 26, 2016	PointDrive	Web application	USA	-	Lets salespeople share visual content with prospective clients to help seal the deal	^[67]

Lawsuit

In 2013, a class action lawsuit entitled Perkins vs. LinkedIn Corp was filed against the company, accusing it of automatically sending invitations to contacts in a member's email address book without permission. The court agreed with LinkedIn that permission had in fact been given for invitations to be sent, but not for the two further reminder emails.^[68] LinkedIn settled the lawsuit in 2015 for $13 million.^[69] Many members should have received a notice in their email with the subject line "Legal Notice of Settlement of Class Action". The Case No. is 13-CV-04303-LHK .^[70]

Membership

Social media websites can also use "traditional" marketing approaches, as seen in these LinkedIn-branded chocolates.

As of 2015, LinkedIn had more than 400 million members in over 200 countries and territories.^[11]^[71] It is significantly ahead of its competitors Viadeo (50 million as of 2013)^[72] and XING (11 million as of 2016).^[73] In 2011, its membership grew by approximately two new members every second.^[74] As of 2018, there are over half a billion LinkedIn members.^[75]

User profile network

The basic functionality of LinkedIn allows users (workers and employers) to create profiles, which for employees typically consist of a curriculum vitae describing their work experience, education and training, skills, and a personal photo. The site also enables members to make "connections" to each other in an online social network which may represent real-world professional relationships. Members can invite anyone (whether a site member or not) to become a connection. However, if the invitee selects "I don't know" or "Spam", this counts against the inviter. If the inviter gets too many of such responses, the member's account may be restricted or closed.^[8]

A member's list of connections can then be used in a number of ways:

Users can obtain introductions to the connections of connections (termed second-degree connections) and connections of second-degree connections (termed third-degree connections)
Users can search for second-degree connections who work at a specific company they are interested in, and then ask a specific first-degree connection in common for an introduction^[76]
Users can find jobs, people and business opportunities recommended by someone in one's contact network.
Employers can list jobs and search for potential candidates.
Job seekers can review the profile of hiring managers and discover which of their existing contacts can introduce them.
Users can post their own photos and view photos of others to aid in identification.
Users can follow different companies.
Users can save (i.e. bookmark) jobs that they would like to apply for.
Users can "like" and "congratulate" each other's updates and new employments.
Users can wish each other a happy birthday.
Users can see who has visited their profile page.
Users can share video with text and filters with the introduction of LinkedIn Video.^[77]^[78]
Users can write posts and articles^[79] within the LinkedIn platform to share with their network.

The "gated-access approach" (where contact with any professional requires either an existing relationship, or the intervention of a contact of theirs) is intended to build trust among the service's users. LinkedIn participated in the EU's International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles.^[9]

Security and technology

In June 2012, cryptographic hashes of approximately 6.4 million LinkedIn user passwords were stolen by hackers who then published the stolen hashes online.^[80] This action is known as the 2012 LinkedIn hack. In response to the incident, LinkedIn asked its users to change their passwords. Security experts criticized LinkedIn for not salting their password file and for using a single iteration of SHA-1.^[81] On May 31, 2013 LinkedIn added two-factor authentication, an important security enhancement for preventing hackers from gaining access to accounts.^[82] In May 2016, 117 million LinkedIn usernames and passwords were offered for sale online for the equivalent of $2,200.^[83] These account details are believed to be sourced from the original 2012 LinkedIn hack, in which the number of user IDs stolen had been underestimated. To handle the large volume of emails sent to its users every day with notifications for messages, profile views, important happenings in their network, and other things, LinkedIn uses the Momentum email platform from Message Systems.^[84]

In 2014, Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit (CTU) discovered that Threat Group-2889, an Iran-based group, created 25 fake LinkedIn accounts. The accounts were either fully developed personas or supporting personas, and they use spearphishing or malicious websites to comprise victims' information.^[85]^{[third-party source needed]}

Applications

LinkedIn 'applications' often refers to external third party applications that interact with LinkedIn's developer API. However, in some cases it could refer to sanctioned applications featured on a user's profile page.

External, third party applications

On February 12, 2015 LinkedIn released an updated terms of use for their developer API.^[86] The developer API allows both companies and individuals the ability to interact with LinkedIn's data through creation of managed third party applications. Applications must go through a review process and request permission from the user before accessing a user's data.

Normal use of the API is outlined in LinkedIn's developer documents,^[87] including:

Sign into external services using LinkedIn
Add items or attributes to a user profile
Share items or articles to user's timeline

Embedded in profile

In October 2008, LinkedIn enabled an "applications platform" which allows external online services to be embedded within a member's profile page. Among the initial applications were an Amazon Reading List that allows LinkedIn members to display books they are reading, a connection to Tripit, and a Six Apart, WordPress and TypePad application that allows members to display their latest blog postings within their LinkedIn profile.^[88] In November 2010, LinkedIn allowed businesses to list products and services on company profile pages; it also permitted LinkedIn members to "recommend" products and services and write reviews.^[89] Shortly after, some of the external services were no longer supported, including Amazon's Reading List^[90]

Mobile

A mobile version of the site was launched in February 2008, which gives access to a reduced feature set over a mobile phone. The mobile service is available in six languages: Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese and Spanish.^[91] In January 2011, LinkedIn acquired CardMunch, a mobile appmaker that scans business cards and converts into contacts.^[92] In June 2013, CardMunch was noted as an available LinkedIn app.^[11] In August 2011, LinkedIn revamped its mobile applications on the iPhone, Android and HTML5. At the time, mobile page views of the application were increasing roughly 400% year over year according to CEO Jeff Weiner.^[93] In October 2013, LinkedIn announced a service for iPhone users called "Intro", which inserts a thumbnail of a person's LinkedIn profile in correspondence with that person when reading mail messages in the native iOS Mail program.^[94]This is accomplished by re-routing all emails from and to the iPhone through LinkedIn servers, which security firm Bishop Fox asserts has serious privacy implications, violates many organizations' security policies, and resembles a man-in-the-middle attack.^[95]^[96]

Groups

LinkedIn also supports the formation of interest groups, and as of March 29, 2012 there are 1,248,019 such groups whose membership varies from 1 to 744,662.^[97]^[98] The majority of the largest groups are employment related, although a very wide range of topics are covered mainly around professional and career issues, and there are currently^[when?] 128,000 groups for both academic and corporate alumni.^{[citation needed]} Groups support a limited form of discussion area, moderated by the group owners and managers.^[99] Since groups offer the functionality to reach a wide audience without so easily falling foul of anti-spam solutions, there is a constant stream of spam postings, and there now exist a range of firms who offer a spamming service for this very purpose. LinkedIn has devised a few mechanisms to reduce the volume of spam,^[100] but recently^[when?] took the decision to remove the ability of group owners to inspect the email address of new members in order to determine if they were spammers.^{[citation needed]} Groups also keep their members informed through emails with updates to the group, including most talked about discussions within your professional circles.^[97]^[101] Groups may be private, accessible to members only or may be open to Internet users in general to read, though they must join in order to post messages.

In December 2011, LinkedIn announced that they are rolling out polls to groups.^[102] In November 2013, LinkedIn announced the addition of Showcase Pages to the platform.^[103] In 2014, LinkedIn announced they were going to be removing Product and Services Pages^[104] paving the way for a greater focus on Showcase Pages.^[105]

Job listings

LinkedIn allows users to research companies, non-profit organizations, and governments they may be interested in working for. Typing the name of a company or organization in the search box causes pop-up data about the company or organization to appear. Such data may include the ratio of female to male employees, the percentage of the most common titles/positions held within the company, the location of the company's headquarters and offices, and a list of present and former employees. In July 2011, LinkedIn launched a new feature allowing companies to include an "Apply with LinkedIn" button on job listing pages.^[106] The new plugin allowed potential employees to apply for positions using their LinkedIn profiles as resumes.^[106]

Online recruiting

Job recruiters, head hunters, and personnel HR are increasingly using LinkedIn as a source for finding potential candidates. By using the Advanced search tools, recruiters can find members matching their specific key words with a click of a button. They then can make contact with those members by sending a request to connect or by sending InMail about a specific job opportunity he or she may have. Recruiters also often join industry based groups on LinkedIn to create connections with professionals in that line of business.^[107]

Skills

Since September 2012, LinkedIn has enabled users to "endorse" each other's skills. This feature also allows users to efficiently provide commentary on other users' profiles – network building is reinforced. However, there is no way of flagging anything other than positive content.^[108] LinkedIn solicits endorsements using algorithms that generate skills members might have. Members cannot opt out of such solicitations, with the result that it sometimes appears that a member is soliciting an endorsement for a non-existent skill.^[109]

Publishing platform

LinkedIn continues to add different services to its platform to expand the ways that people use it. On May 7, 2015, LinkedIn added an analytics tool to its publishing platform. The tool allows authors to better track traffic that their posts receive.^[110]

Influencers

The LinkedIn Influencers program launched in October 2012 and features global thought leaders who share their professional insights with LinkedIn's members. As of May 2016, there are 750+ Influencers, approximately 74% of which are male.^[111] The program is invite-only and features leaders from a range of industries including Richard Branson, Narendra Modi, Arianna Huffington, Greg McKeown, Rahm Emanuel, Jamie Dimon, Martha Stewart, Deepak Chopra, Jack Welch, and Bill Gates.^[112]^[113]

Advertising and for-pay research

In mid-2008, LinkedIn launched LinkedIn DirectAds as a form of sponsored advertising.^[114] In October 2008, LinkedIn revealed plans to open its social network of 30 million professionals globally as a potential sample for business-to-business research. It is testing a potential social network revenue model – research that to some appears more promising than advertising.^[115] On July 23, 2013, LinkedIn announced their Sponsored Updates ad service. Individuals and companies can now pay a fee to have LinkedIn sponsor their content and spread it to their user base. This is a common way for social media sites such as LinkedIn to generate revenue.^[116]

Future plans

Economic graph

Inspired by Facebook's "social graph", LinkedIn CEO Jeff Weiner set a goal in 2012 to create an "economic graph" within a decade.^[117] The goal is to create a comprehensive digital map of the world economy and the connections within it.^[118] The economic graph was to be built on the company's current platform with data nodes including companies, jobs, skills, volunteer opportunities, educational institutions, and content.^[119]^[120]^[121] They have been hoping to include all the job listings in the world, all the skills required to get those jobs, all the professionals who could fill them, and all the companies (nonprofit and for-profit) at which they work.^[119] The ultimate goal is to make the world economy and job market more efficient through increased transparency.^[117] In June 2014, the company announced its "Galene" search architecture to give users access to the economic graph's data with more thorough filtering of data, via user searches like "Engineers with Hadoop experience in Brazil."^[122]^[123]

LinkedIn has used economic graph data to research several topics on the job market, including popular destination cities of recent college graduates,^[124] areas with high concentrations of technology skills,^[125] and common career transitions.^[126] LinkedIn provided the City of New York with data from economic graph showing "in-demand" tech skills for the city's "Tech Talent Pipeline" project.^[127]

New user interface in 2017

Soon after LinkedIn's acquisition by Microsoft, on January 19, 2017, LinkedIn's new desktop version was introduced.^[128] The new version was meant to make the user experience seamless across mobile and desktop. Some of the changes were made according to the feedback received from the previously launched mobile app. Features that were not heavily used were removed. For example, the contact tagging and filtering features are not supported any more.^[129]

User reaction

Following the launch of the new interface, some users, including blogger Zubair Abbas, complained about the missing features which were there in the older version, slowness and bugs in the UI.^[130] The issues were faced by both free and premium users, and with both the desktop version and the mobile version of the site.

Discontinued features

In January 2013, LinkedIn dropped support for LinkedIn Answers, and cited a new 'focus on development of new and more engaging ways to share and discuss professional topics across LinkedIn' as the reason for the retirement of the feature. The feature had been launched in 2007, and allowed users to post question to their network and allowed users to rank answers.^[131]

On September 1, 2014 LinkedIn retired InMaps, a feature which allowed you to visualize your professional network.^[132] The feature had been in use since January 2011. The reason given for retirement of the feature was "Sometimes we have to retire tools we love so we can focus our attention and resources on creating even better experiences for our members. We’re currently looking at new ways to help you visualize and gain insights from your professional network. That’s why we’re discontinuing InMaps as of September 1, 2014."

Business units

LinkedIn derives its revenues from four business divisions:^[133]

Talent Solutions, through which recruiters and corporations pay for branded corporation and career listing pages, pay-per-click targeted job ads, and access to the LinkedIn database of users and resumes
Marketing Solutions, which advertisers pay for pay per click-through targeted ads
Premium Subscriptions, through which LinkedIn users can pay for advanced services, such as LinkedIn Business, LinkedIn Talent (for recruiters), LinkedIn JobSeeker, and LinkedIn Sales for sales professions
Learning Solutions, through which users can learn various skills related to their job function or personal learning goals, on the Lynda.com or LinkedIn Learning platforms

Some elements of the various subscription services are also on a pay per use basis like InMail^{[definition needed]}.

Reception

LinkedIn has been described by online trade publication TechRepublic as having "become the de facto tool for professional networking".^[134] LinkedIn has also been praised for its usefulness in fostering business relationships.^[135] "LinkedIn is, far and away, the most advantageous social networking tool available to job seekers and business professionals today," according to Forbes.^[136] LinkedIn has also received criticism, primarily regarding e-mail address mining and auto-update.

The sign-up process includes a step for users to enter their email password (there is an opt-out feature). LinkedIn will then offer to send out contact invitations to all members in that address book or that the user has had email conversations with. When the member's email address book is opened it is opened with all email addresses selected and the member is advised invitations will be sent to "selected" email addresses, or to all. Up to 1,500 invitations can then be sent out in one click, with no possibility to undo or withdraw them. LinkedIn was sued for sending out another two follow-up invitations to each contact from members to link to friends who had ignored the initial, authorized, invitation. In November 2014, LinkedIn lost a motion to dismiss the lawsuit, in a ruling that the invitations were advertisements not broadly protected by free speech rights that would otherwise permit use of people's names and images without authorization.^[137]^[138]^[139]^[140] The lawsuit was eventually settled in 2015 in favor of LinkedIn members.^[69]
Changing the description below a member's name is seen as a change in a job title, even if it is just a wording change or even a change to "unemployed". Unless a member opts to "turn off activity updates", an update is sent to all of that person's contacts, telling them to congratulate the member on the "new job".^[141]
The feature that allows LinkedIn members to "endorse" each other's skills and experience has been criticized as meaningless, since the endorsements are not necessarily accurate or given by people who have familiarity with the member's skills.^[142] In October 2016, LinkedIn acknowledged that it "really does matter who endorsed you" and began highlighting endorsements from "coworkers and other mutual connections" to address the criticism.^[143]
In 2014, the Catalan language advocacy organization Fundació puntCat launched an online campaign asking LinkedIn to support the language both in the platform's interface and as CV language; it gained more than 3000 online signatures.^[144] In 2016, Plataforma per la Llengua started another campaign asking for such a change.^[145]
LinkedIn has inspired the creation of specialised professional networking opportunities, such as co-founder Eddie Lou's Chicago startup, Shiftgig (released in 2012 as a platform for hourly workers).^[146]

International restrictions

In 2009, Syrian users reported that LinkedIn server stopped accepting connections originating from IP addresses assigned to Syria. The company's customer support stated that services provided by them are subject to US export and re-export control laws and regulations and "As such, and as a matter of corporate policy, we do not allow member accounts or access to our site from Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, or Syria."^[147]

In February 2011, it was reported that LinkedIn was being blocked in China after calls for a "Jasmine Revolution". It was speculated to have been blocked because it is an easy way for dissidents to access Twitter, which had been blocked previously.^[148] After a day of being blocked, LinkedIn access was restored in China.^[149]

In February 2014, LinkedIn launched its Simplified Chinese language version named "领英" (pinyin: Lǐngyīng; literally: "leading elite"), officially extending their service in China.^[150]^[151] LinkedIn CEO Jeff Weiner acknowledged in a blog post that they would have to censor some of the content that users post on its website in order to comply with Chinese rules, but he also said the benefits of providing its online service to people in China outweighed those concerns.^[150]^[152] Since Autumn 2017 are Job Postings from western countries for China aren`t possible anymore.^[153]

On 4 August 2016, a Moscow court ruled that LinkedIn must be blocked in Russia for violating a new data retention law, which requires the user data of Russian citizens to be stored on servers within the country. This ban was upheld on 10 November 2016, and all Russian ISPs began blocking LinkedIn thereafter. LinkedIn's mobile app was also banned from Google Play Store and iOS App Store in Russia in January 2017.^[154]^[155]

SNA LinkedIn

The Search, Network, and Analytics (SNA) team at LinkedIn has a website^[156] that hosts the open source projects built by the group. Notable among these projects is Project Voldemort,^[157] a distributed key-value structured storage system with low-latency similar in purpose to Amazon.com's Dynamoand Google's Bigtable.

Surveillance and NSA program

In the 2013 global surveillance disclosures, documents released by Edward Snowden revealed that British Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) (an intelligence and security organisation) infiltrated the Belgian telecommunications network Belgacom by luring employees to a false LinkedIn page.^[158]

Criticism

Use of e-mail accounts of members for spam sending

LinkedIn sends "invite emails" to Outlook contacts from its members' email accounts. The consent of the users is not at all or sometimes difficult comprehensible overtaken. The "invitations" give the impression that the e-mail holder himself has sent the invitation. If there is no response, the answer will be repeated several times ("You have not yet answered XY's invitation.") LinkedIn was sued in the United States on charges of hijacking e-mail accounts and spamming. The company argued with the right to freedom of expression. In addition, the users concerned would be supported in building a network.^[159]^[160]^[161]

Moving Outlook mails on LinkedIn servers

At the end of 2013, it was announced that the LinkedIn app intercepted users' emails and silently moved them to LinkedIn servers for full access.^[162]LinkedIn used man-in-the-middle attacks.^[163]

Privacy policy

The German Stiftung Warentest has criticized that the allotment of rights between users and LinkedIn is disproportionate, restricting users' rights excessively while granting the company far-reaching rights.^[164] It has also been claimed that LinkedIn does not respond to consumer protection center requests.^[165]

In November 2016, Russia announced its intention to block the network in its own country, as it "illegally stores data of Russian users on servers abroad." The relevant law had been in force there since 2014.^[166]^[167]


[show] Screenshot
Type of business	Subsidiary
Type of site	Social network service
Available in	Multilingual (24)
Founded	December 28, 2002; 15 years ago Mountain View, California, U.S.
Headquarters	Sunnyvale, California, U.S.
Area served	Worldwide
Founder(s)	Reid Hoffman Allen Blue Konstantin Guericke Eric Ly Jean-Luc Vaillant
Key people	Reid Hoffman (Chairman) Jeff Weiner (CEO)
Industry	Internet
Revenue	US$3 billion (2015)^[1]
Net income	US$−166 million (2015)^[1]
Employees	9,732 (March 2016)^[2]
Parent	Microsoft Corporation
Subsidiaries	SlideShare lynda.com Connectifier
Website	www.linkedin.com
Alexa rank	31 (February 2018)^[3]
Advertising	Google, AdSense
Registration	Required
Users	530 million members (January 2018)^[4]
Launched	May 5, 2003; 14 years ago
Current status	Active

LINKEDIN